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How was the reproduction of underdevelopment in Sudan? (2)
10-18-2012 02:35 AM
How was the reproduction of underdevelopment in Sudan? (2)
The state apparatus since it was set up and create in the modern Sudan organ of repression
By: Taj Osman
Noted in the first episode of this study was to how they were reproduce underdevelopment in Sudan after independence where intensified subordination to the outside world or outward orientation of the Sudanese economy: external debt estimated $ 42 billion, civil wars led to the secession of the south, political instability and the confiscation of the rights and fundamental freedoms, food deficit (famine), a failed manufacturing, etc., and we continue in this episode dissecting the reasons for this, which include: the failure of the Sudanese capital in the leadership of the Renaissance and the failure of the Sudanese state in the completion of its founding.
First: the failure of the Sudanese capital in the leadership of national renaissance:
Unlike the developed capitalist countries, which led the capitalist class (bourgeoisie) Renaissance agricultural and industrial, failed capitalism Sudanese in it, and there are factors and influences and obstacles stood in the way of the development and growth of capitalism Sudanese and that prevented you can lead Renaissance industrial and agricultural, although the seeds of its inception was early and contemporary of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, grew up in the midst of primitive accumulation of capital business in the Sultanate of Sennar, and we can sum up the main reasons that led to the abortion of the role of the Sudanese capital in the leadership of the economic boom and social and cultural rights in the following: -
* Failed capitalism business to achieve a decisive victory in the struggle against the feudal class in the Sultanate of Sennar to the Sultan, who was monopolizing my item gold and slaves, and thus failed to monopolize state-led, as it did the capitalist class in Europe, not to mention stop evolution esoteric natural to this conflict because intervention of an external factor is the Turkish occupation of the Sudan.
* In the period of Turkish rule became the Sudanese economy heading to serve the goals of state Mohamed Ali Pasha in Egypt, which was designed to achieve industrial and agricultural renaissance in Egypt and to catch up with European countries, and thus the event without the Sudanese capital to play its role in the renaissance.
* Period was characterized Mahdia instability and Aharobac related and internal and external conflicts and neglect of the agricultural sector due to displacement broad for farmers and their families in response to the appeal of jihad, which led to the deterioration of agriculture and the spread of famine, such as famine: Year 1306 AH, and thus did not air an assistant to the growth and development of capitalism Sudanese.
* In the British colonial period to the Sudan (1898 - 1956) addressed the state to create agricultural projects and service projects such as cotton (island, Gash, Tokar, the Nuba Mountains, .... etc.), rail and internal roads, tank Sennar, port, Port Sudan, ... etc.. Sudan has also invaded Britain imported capital goods, which prevented the growth and leadership of the Sudanese capital of industrial and agricultural renaissance.
* After independence national capitalism did not play its role in the Renaissance, although the facilities were provided by them, it was still the public sector is dominant.
* After a coup in May 1969 was scaled national capitalism that began penetrate the field of industrial and agricultural production decisions nationalization and confiscation random, and since 1978, after the cuts the rolling LE Sudanese began collapsing industrial and agricultural production and increased activity parasite that devastated the Sudanese economy smuggling economic surplus abroad.
* Ali that the great mass of the Sudanese economy was a coup 30 / June / 1989 where parasitic capitalism reigned Islamism at the expense of other national groups capitalism, were destroyed agricultural and industrial production, and returned the country to the lowest of the low in the economic and social underdevelopment and cultural.
* The bottom line is, that the Sudanese capital failed to lead the industrial and agricultural renaissance.
This requires a new leadership reflect the interests of working people are going in the country in the way of democratic national and lead the Sudanese state in the direction of balanced development and consolidation of democracy substance political, economic and cultural, and check de facto equality between women and men, and reform public education and higher education, and cultural renaissance that is based on respect for cultural and linguistic diversity and religious in the country, and build national industry, and achieve agrarian reform that guarantees rehabilitation of agricultural projects that collapsed and provide food and contributes to building the Renaissance agro-industrial in the country, and comprehensive and just solution Democratic issues areas: Darfur, South Kordofan and Blue Nile, and the East, and affected dams etc. .., The reunification of the Sudanese state on a voluntary basis and democracy.
Second: Sudanese state: What are the reasons for the failure to complete the foundation.
Began the modern form of the Sudanese state in the period of Turkish rule - Egyptian (1821 - 1885), which saw the birth of modern Sudan in its current form after the annexation of almost Darfur and Suakin and Taka region and the three southern districts (Equatoria, Bahr el Ghazal, Upper Nile).
The state apparatus since form and create in Sudan modern organ of repression, and man was Sudanese through historical eras different to Sudan modern struggle against oppression and injustice and for freedom and this is reflected in the revolution Mahdia against Turkish rule, and the revolution of independence against the ruling English, and after independence was the revolution of October 1964 against the dictatorship of Lieutenant General Abboud, and the uprising of March - April 1985 against the rule of President Nimeiri, and resistance to the Sudanese people to Rescue System and pressure the international community until an agreement was signed Naivasha in 09/01/2005, but system rescue aborted Convention, and the result was the separation of the south aggressively threatening باشتعال war between the two countries.
After independence and faced the national state Sudanese following challenges: - lack stability and continuity of the democratic experiment by military coups, and entered Sudan in the vicious circle: democracy - dictatorship - democracy - ... etc., and influenced by the state apparatus such coups, and lost the state in a system rescue most of its staff qualification Because of displacement, and collapsed the civil service, and the failure to build a national state of democracy entrusted with making the economic and social, cultural and political, and the promotion of democracy and representative institutions and constitutional, despite the country's potential in the agricultural and livestock production, and after the discovery of minerals oil, which did not convert a part of the proceeds of industry, agriculture and services (education, health, ...), a national renaissance deep democratic lift the country out of the darkness into the light, and to the prospects for development and unity, peace and social progress.
After coup rescue lifted state hands for basic services such as education and health who entered the Department of private investment, and the country has become Sudan's secession threatened further disruption and fragmentation and loss of national sovereignty, either to become Sudanese state civilian democratic accommodate religious and cultural diversity, linguistic and ethnic or undergo further fragmentation, also failed experiment religious state in the laws in September 1983, and the rescue and that spawned the rulers Tgua in the country, and multiply by corruption, took advantage of religion in politics, and conquered people the name of Islam, and will be doomed to failure again in an attempt reproduced in the so-called Republic of the second and the imposition of Constitution mono.
That democratic civil state is not alone magic solution and guarantee the unity what is left of the home, it must be complemented by balanced economic development and social and cultural development of all regions of Sudan and the provision of basic needs of the citizens to an adequate standard of living, education and health.
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